Itsinda rikora

Muri chimie, cyane cyane muri chimie organic, itsinda ryimikorere nitsinda ryihariye rya atome muri molekile ishinzwe molekile iranga imiti. Tekereza nka "site ikora" cyangwa "igice gisobanura imyitwarire" ya molekile kama. Ntakibazo cyaba kingana gute cyangwa imiterere ya molekile isigaye, itsinda ryimikorere ryitwara muburyo buteganijwe muburyo bwimiti.

Kuki Amatsinda Akora ari ngombwa?

Amatsinda akora agena imiterere nigikorwa cyibintu kama. Abashinzwe imiti babikoresha kugirango bashyiremo molekile kama kandi bahanure uko bazitwara. Kurugero, alcool, acide, esters, na ketone byose birimo amatsinda atandukanye, kandi buriwese yitwara muburyo butandukanye bwimiti.

Kumenya amatsinda akora muri molekile, urashobora:

Vuga uko izitwara mumyitwarire yimiti.
Sobanukirwa no gukemuka kwayo (niba gushonga mumazi cyangwa kutayifata).
Menya niba ari acide cyangwa shingiro.
Vuga aho itetse cyangwa ishonga.

Ingero zamatsinda asanzwe akora

Reka turebe amwe mumatsinda akunze gukoreshwa muri chimie organic:

1. Itsinda rya Hydroxyl (-OH)

● Biboneka muri alcool.
Akora molekules polar kandi irashobora gukora imigozi ya hydrogen.
Urugero: Ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH)

2. Itsinda rya Carbonyl (C = O)

● Biboneka muri ketone na aldehydes.
Carbone ihujwe na atome ya ogisijeni.
Urugero:
Ketone: Acetone (CH₃COCH₃)
Aldehyde: Formaldehyde (HCHO)

3. Itsinda rya Carboxyl (-COOH)

● Biboneka muri acide karubike.
Akora molekile acide.
Urugero: Acide acike (CH₃COOH), aside nyamukuru muri vinegere.

4. Itsinda rya Amino (-NH₂)

● Biboneka muri amine na aside amine.
● Irashobora gukora nkibanze kandi ikemera proton.
Urugero: Glycine, aside amine.

5. Itsinda rya Ester (-COO-)

● Byabonetse muri esters.
● Akenshi atanga imbuto impumuro nziza.
Yakozwe muri aside na alcool.
Urugero: Ethyl acetate (ikoreshwa mugukuraho imisumari).

6. Itsinda rya Ether (ROR)

Om Atome ya ogisijeni ihujwe n'amatsinda abiri ya karubone.
● Bisanzwe mumashanyarazi.
Urugero: Diethyl ether.

7. Halide Itsinda (CX)

● Aho X = halogen nka F, Cl, Br, cyangwa I.
● Byabonetse muri alkyl halide.
● Ikoreshwa muri firigo na retardants.

8. Itsinda rya Sulfhydryl (-SH)

Kuboneka muri thiols.
● Bisa na hydroxyl ariko hamwe na sulfure.
● Ibyingenzi muburyo bwa poroteyine (disulfide bonds).

Amatsinda akora kandi akora neza

Kubaho kwitsinda ryihariye ryimikorere muri molekile ahanini bigena uko iyo molekile izitwara. Urugero:

Alcool (-OH) irashobora kubura umwuma kugirango ikore alukene.
Ac Acide Carboxylic acide (-COOH) irashobora kwitwara hamwe na alcool kugirango ikore est est.
Amine (-NH₂) irashobora gukora nkibanze kandi ikemera hydrogene ion.

Iyi myitwarire iteganijwe ningirakamaro bidasanzwe muri chimie yubukorikori, gushushanya ibiyobyabwenge, na siyanse yubumenyi.

Amatsinda akora muri molekile ya Biologiya

Amatsinda akora nayo ni urufunguzo rwubuzima. Muri biohimiya, imiterere n'imikorere ya poroteyine, ADN, karubone, hamwe n'amavuta biterwa cyane n'amatsinda akora arimo.

● Poroteyine zirimo amine (-NH₂) na carboxyl (-COOH).
● Carbohydrates ikunze kuba irimo hydroxyl (-OH) na karubone (C = O).
● ADN na RNA birimo amatsinda ya fosifate (-PO₄) hamwe na azote irimo azote.

Aya matsinda yemerera molekile yibinyabuzima gukorana, gukora hydrogene ihuza, guhererekanya ingufu, nibindi byinshi.

Uburyo Abashinzwe Imiti Bakoresha Amatsinda Yimikorere

Abashinzwe imiti bakunze gukoresha amatsinda yibikorwa mugihe bashushanya cyangwa kwita molekile. Mubisubizo byimiti, barashobora kwerekeza kubitekerezo byitsinda ryabigizemo uruhare. Urugero:

. "Okiside ya alcool" bivuga reaction zirimo amatsinda ya OH.
● “Gusimbuza Nucleophilique” akenshi bikubiyemo guhagarika amatsinda akora.

Bakoresha kandi isesengura ryimikorere mumatsinda kugirango bamenye ibice bitazwi bakoresheje uburyo nka infragre (IR) spectroscopy na magnetic magnetic resonance (NMR), kubera ko buri tsinda ryinjiza ingufu muburyo budasanzwe.

Incamake

Itsinda rikora ni itsinda ryihariye rya atome muri molekile itanga molekile imiterere yihariye na reaction. Nizo shingiro rya chimie organic, itanga uburyo bwo gutondeka no guhanura imyitwarire ya molekile igoye. Kuva kuri alcool yoroshye kugeza kuri ADN igoye, amatsinda akora afasha gusobanura imiterere, imikorere, hamwe nubushakashatsi bwimiti. Kubisobanukirwa ni ngombwa mu kumenya chimie, cyane cyane mubice nka farumasi, ibinyabuzima, na chimie yinganda.