Imishinga mishya mu nganda za peteroli na gaze zo mu Burusiya, harimo no ku gice cyo ku nkengero z'inyanja ya Arctique, isezeranya iterambere rirambye ku isoko ry'imbere mu gihugu ku bijyanye no gusiga irangi rirwanya kwangirika.
Icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyazanye ingaruka zikomeye ariko z'igihe gito ku isoko ry'isi rya hydrocarbons. Muri Mata 2020, ikiguzi cya peteroli ku isi cyageze ku rwego rwo hasi cyane kuva mu 1995, bigabanya igiciro cya Brent crude kikagera ku madolari 28 kuri buri kirahuri nyuma y'izamuka ryihuse ry'ibikomoka kuri peteroli by'inyongera.
Hari igihe igiciro cya peteroli muri Amerika cyageze aho kigabanuka ku nshuro ya mbere mu mateka. Ariko, ibi bintu bikomeye bisa nkaho bitazahagarika ibikorwa by'inganda za peteroli na gaze mu Burusiya, kubera ko icyifuzo cy'ingufu za hydrocarbon ku isi giteganijwe kugaruka vuba.
Urugero, IEA yiteze ko ikiguzi cya peteroli kizazamuka kikagera ku rwego rwa mbere y’ibibazo mu 2022. Izamuka ry’ikiguzi cya gazi - nubwo cyagabanutse cyane mu 2020 - rigomba kugaruka mu gihe kirekire, ku rugero runaka, bitewe no kwihutisha ihindagurika ry’ingufu zikomoka ku mabuye y’agaciro ku isi mu gutanga amashanyarazi.
Ibihangange by’Uburusiya bya Lukoil, Novatek na Rosneft, n’ibindi bifite gahunda yo gutangiza imishinga mishya mu bijyanye no gucukura peteroli na gaze haba ku butaka no ku nkengero z’inyanja ya Arctique. Guverinoma y’Uburusiya ibona ko gukoresha ibidukikije byayo bya Arctique binyuze muri LNG ari byo shingiro ry’ingamba zayo z’ingufu kugeza mu 2035.
Muri uru rwego, icyifuzo cy’Uburusiya cyo gusiga irangi rirwanya kwangirika nacyo gifite iteganyagihe ryiza. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Discovery Research Group gikorera i Moscou bwagaragaje ko kugurisha muri iki gice byageze kuri miliyari 18.5 z’amarupi mu 2018 (miliyoni 250 z’amadorari), nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Discovery Research Group gifite icyicaro i Moscou bwabigaragaje. Kugabanyirizwa irangi ku madolari miliyari 7.1 z’amarupi (miliyoni 90 z’amadorari) byinjijwe mu Burusiya, nubwo ibicuruzwa byinjijwe muri iki gice bikunda kugabanuka, nk’uko abasesenguzi babivuga.
Indi sosiyete y’ubujyanama yo muri Moscou, Concept-Center, yavuze ko ku isoko hagurishijwe hagati ya toni 25.000 na 30.000 mu buryo bufatika. Urugero, mu 2016, isoko ry’ibikoresho birwanya kwangirika mu Burusiya ryagereranyijwe kuri miliyari 2.6 z’amadolari miliyoni 42 z’amadolari. Bikekwa ko isoko rikomeje kwiyongera mu myaka ishize, aho umuvuduko waryo uri hagati ya bibiri na bitatu ku ijana ku mwaka.
Abitabiriye isoko bagaragaza icyizere ko icyifuzo cy'amabara yo kwambara muri iki gice kizakomeza kwiyongera mu myaka iri imbere, nubwo ingaruka z'icyorezo cya COVID-19 zitaragabanuka.
“Dukurikije ibyo twateganyaga, ubusabe buziyongera gato [mu myaka iri imbere]. Inganda za peteroli na gaze zikeneye ubwoko bw'imyenda irinda ingese, idashyuha, idatwika n'ubundi bwoko bw'imyenda kugira ngo zishyire mu bikorwa imishinga mishya. Muri icyo gihe, ubusabe burimo kwerekeza ku myenda ifite urwego rumwe. Birumvikana ko umuntu atakwirengagiza ingaruka z'icyorezo cya coronavirus, nubwo, bitararangira,” ibi byavuzwe na Maxim Dubrovsky, umuyobozi mukuru w'uruganda rukora imyanda rwa Akrus mu Burusiya. “Mu gihe cy'iteganyagihe ritari ryiza, kubaka [mu nganda za peteroli na gaze] bishobora kudahita nk'uko byari biteganyijwe mbere.
Leta irimo gufata ingamba zo gushishikariza ishoramari no kugera ku muvuduko uteganijwe wo kubaka.
Irushanwa ridafite ibiciro
Muri rusange, hari nibura abakinnyi 30 ku isoko ry’imyambaro irinda kwangirika mu Burusiya, nk’uko bitangazwa na Industrial Coatings. Abanyamahanga bakomeye ni Hempel, Jotun, International Protective Coatings, Steelpaint, PPG Industries, Permatex, Teknos, n’abandi.
Abacuruzi bakomeye bo mu Burusiya ni Akrus, VMP, Russian Paints, Empils, Moscow Chemical Plant, ZM Volga na Raduga.
Mu myaka itanu ishize, amwe mu masosiyete atari ayo mu Burusiya, harimo Jotun, Hempel na PPG, yashyize ahagaragara imashini zirinda kwangirika mu Burusiya. Hari impamvu zumvikana mu bukungu zishingiye kuri icyo cyemezo. Igihe cyo gutanga imashini nshya zirinda kwangirika ku isoko ry’Uburusiya kiri hagati y’imyaka itatu n’itanu, nk’uko bivugwa na Azamat Gareev, umuyobozi wa ZIT Rossilber.
Nk’uko Industrial Coatings ibivuga, iki gice cy’isoko ry’amabara yo mu Burusiya gishobora kwitwa oligopsony – isoko aho umubare w’abaguzi ari muto. Ibinyuranye n’ibyo, umubare w’abagurisha ni munini. Buri muguzi wo mu Burusiya afite ibisabwa bye by’imbere, abatanga ibicuruzwa bagomba kubahiriza. Itandukaniro riri hagati y’ibyo abakiriya bakeneye rishobora kuba rikomeye cyane.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, iki ni kimwe mu bice bike by’inganda zikora irangi mu Burusiya, aho igiciro kitari kimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi bigena ubusabe.
Urugero, Rosneft yemeje ubwoko 224 bw'imyenda irinda kwangirika, nk'uko bigaragara mu gitabo cy'Abarusiya cy'abacuruza imyenda irinda peteroli na gaze. Kugereranya, Gazprom yemeje imyenda 55 naho Transneft yemeje 34 gusa.
Mu bice bimwe na bimwe, umubare w'ibitumizwa mu mahanga ni munini cyane. Urugero, amasosiyete y'Abarusiya atumizwa mu mahanga hafi 80% by'ibicuruzwa bitwikirwa mu mishinga yo mu mahanga.
Dmitry Smirnov, umuyobozi mukuru w’uruganda rw’ibinyabutabire rwa Moscou, yavuze ko irushanwa ku isoko ry’u Burusiya ku bijyanye n’imyambaro irwanya kwangirika kw’ibinyabutabire riri hejuru cyane. Ibi bituma ikigo kigendana n’ibyifuzo no gutangiza gukora imirongo mishya y’imyambaro buri myaka ibiri. Yakomeje avuga ko ikigo kandi gikoresha ibigo bitanga serivisi, kikagenzura ikoreshwa ry’imyambaro.
Dubrobsky yagize ati: “Amasosiyete akora irangi mu Burusiya afite ubushobozi buhagije bwo kwagura umusaruro, ibyo bikaba byagabanya itumizwa mu mahanga. Irangi ryinshi ry’amasosiyete akora peteroli na gaze, harimo n’iry’imishinga yo mu mahanga, rikorerwa mu nganda z’Uburusiya. Muri iki gihe, kugira ngo ubukungu burusheho kunozwa, ku bihugu byose, ni ngombwa kongera umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa biva mu musaruro wabyo.”
Ibura ry'ibikoresho fatizo byo gukora irangi rirwanya kwangirika riri mu bintu bibuza amasosiyete yo mu Burusiya kwagura imigabane yayo ku isoko, nk'uko byatangajwe n'ikigo Industrial Coatings, gitanga urugero ku basesenguzi bo mu gace k'iwabo. Urugero, hari ibura rya aliphatic isocyanates, epoxy resins, zinc dust na pigments zimwe na zimwe.
Dubrobsky yagize ati: “Inganda zikora imiti zishingiye cyane ku bikoresho fatizo bitumizwa mu mahanga kandi zishyira imbere ibiciro byabyo. Kubera iterambere ry’ibicuruzwa bishya mu Burusiya no gusimbuza ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, hari intambwe nziza mu bijyanye no gutanga ibikoresho fatizo ku nganda zikora irangi.”
“Ni ngombwa kongera ubushobozi kugira ngo dushobore guhangana, urugero, n’abacuruza ibintu byo muri Aziya. Ibikoresho byuzuza, amarangi, resins, cyane cyane alkyd na epoxy, ubu bishobora gutumwa n’inganda zo mu Burusiya. Isoko ry’ibikoresho bikomera bya isocyanate n’inyongeramusaruro bitangwa ahanini n’ibitumizwa mu mahanga. Uburyo bwo guteza imbere umusaruro wacu w’ibi bice bigomba kuganirwaho ku rwego rwa leta.”
Amakoti yo gusiga imishinga yo mu mahanga ari kwitabwaho cyane
Umushinga wa mbere w’Uburusiya wo ku nkombe z’inyanja wari urubuga rwa Prirazlomnaya rukora peteroli rudapfa kubera urubura mu Nyanja ya Pechora, mu majyepfo ya Novaya Zemlya. Gazprom yahisemo Chartek 7 muri International Paint Ltd. Bivugwa ko sosiyete yaguze ibiro 350.000 by’amatafari yo kurinda urubuga.
Indi sosiyete y’ibikomoka kuri peteroli yo mu Burusiya yitwa Lukoil imaze igihe ikora urubuga rwa Korchagin kuva mu 2010 n’urwa Philanovskoe kuva mu 2018, byombi bikaba biri mu Nyanja ya Kaspiyane.
Jotun yatanze irangi rirwanya kwangirika k'umushinga wa mbere naho Hempel itanga irangi rya kabiri. Muri iki gice, ibisabwa ku irangi ni bikomeye cyane, kubera ko gusana umunyamategeko w’irangi munsi y’amazi bidashoboka.
Ubusabe bw'ingufu zirinda kwangirika ku gice cyo mu nyanja bufitanye isano n'ejo hazaza h'inganda zikora peteroli na gaze ku isi. Uburusiya bufite hafi 80% by'umutungo wa peteroli na gaze ubitse mu gice cyo mu nyanja ya Arctique n'igice kinini cy'umutungo washakishijwe.
Ugereranije, Amerika ifite 10% gusa by'umutungo wayo, igakurikirwa na Kanada, Danemark, Gronilande na Noruveje, bigabanya 10% bisigaye muri byo. Ibigega bya peteroli by'Uburusiya byakorewe mu mahanga bingana na toni miliyari eshanu z'ibipimo bya peteroli. Noruveje ni iya kabiri mu bihugu bifite toni miliyari imwe z'ibigega byagaragaye ko bifite peteroli.
“Ariko kubera impamvu nyinshi - haba mu bukungu no mu bidukikije - uwo mutungo ushobora kutaboneka,” ibi byavuzwe na Anna Kireeva, umusesenguzi w’umuryango urengera ibidukikije wa Bellona. “Nk’uko bivugwa n’abantu benshi, icyifuzo cy’ibikomoka kuri peteroli ku isi gishobora kugabanuka mu myaka ine iri imbere, mu 2023. Ibigega bikomeye by’ishoramari bya leta byubatswe kuri peteroli nabyo birimo gukuraho ishoramari mu rwego rwa peteroli - igikorwa gishobora gutuma ishoramari ku isi riva kuri peteroli mu gihe za leta n’abashoramari b’ibigo bashyira amafaranga mu ngufu zishobora kuvugururwa.”
Muri icyo gihe kandi, ikoreshwa rya gaze karemano ryitezwe kwiyongera mu myaka 20 kugeza kuri 30 iri imbere - kandi gaze igize igice kinini cy'umutungo w'Uburusiya, atari ku butaka bwa Arctique gusa, ahubwo no ku butaka. Perezida Vladimir Putin yavuze ko agamije gutuma Uburusiya buba igihugu kinini ku isi gitanga gaze karemano - ikintu kidashoboka bitewe n'uko Moscou ihanganye n'Uburasirazuba bwo Hagati, nk'uko Kireeva yongeyeho.
Ariko, amasosiyete acuruza peteroli yo mu Burusiya yavuze ko umushinga w’ibicuruzwa bishobora kuba ahazaza h’inganda zikora peteroli na gaze mu Burusiya.
Imwe mu ngingo z’ingenzi za Rosneft ni iterambere ry’umutungo wa hydrocarbon ku mugabane, nk’uko iyi sosiyete ibivuga.
Muri iki gihe, aho hafi ya peteroli na gaze zose zikomeye zo ku nkombe zivumburwa kandi zigatera imbere, kandi ikoranabuhanga n'umusaruro wa peteroli ya shale bikura vuba, kuba ahazaza h'umusaruro wa peteroli ku isi haherereye ku gice cy'umugabane w'inyanja y'isi ntibishobora guhakanwa, nk'uko Rosneft yabitangaje mu itangazo ryashyizwe ku rubuga rwayo rwa interineti. Iki gice cy'uburusiya gifite ubuso bunini ku isi: Kilometero zirenga miliyoni esheshatu kandi Rosneft niyo ifite uburenganzira bwinshi bwo gucuruza iki gice cy'umugabane w'Uburusiya, nk'uko byakomeje bitangazwa n'iyi sosiyete.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: 17 Mata 2024
