Impuguke ubu zirasaba ko hakongerwa imbaraga mu gukoresha ingufu no kuzikoresha mbere yo kuzipfunyika kugira ngo bigabanye imyanda ikoreshwa mu gihe cyo kuzikoresha.
Imyuka ihumanya ikirere (GHG) iterwa n’ibikomoka kuri peteroli nyinshi n’uburyo bubi bwo gucunga imyanda ni bimwe mu bibazo bikomeye byugarije inganda zo muri Afurika zikora irangi, bityo hakaba hihutishwa guhanga udushya mu buryo burambye, bitarinda gusa uburambe bw’inganda, ahubwo binizeza abakora n’abakina uruhererekane rw’agaciro ko bazakoresha amafaranga make mu bucuruzi no kwinjiza amafaranga menshi.
Impuguke ubu zirasaba ko hakongerwa imbaraga mu gukoresha ingufu no kuzikoresha mbere yo kuzipfunyika kugira ngo bigabanye imyanda ikoreshwa mu gihe akarere kagiye gutanga umusanzu wa zeru mu 2050 no kwagura uruziga rw'agaciro rw'inganda zikora irangi.
Afurika y'Epfo
Muri Afurika y'Epfo, kwishingikiriza cyane ku ngufu zikomoka ku bisigazwa by'amabuye y'agaciro mu bikorwa by'inganda zikora amabati ndetse no kutagira uburyo bwo gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda zo guta imyanda mu buryo bunoze byatumye zimwe mu nganda zikora amabati mu gihugu zihitamo gushora imari mu gutanga ingufu zisukuye no gupakira, zishobora kongera gukoreshwa no kongera gukoreshwa n'abazikora ndetse n'abaguzi bazo.
Urugero, Polyoak Packaging yo mu mujyi wa Cape Town, ikigo cy’inzobere mu gushushanya no gukora amapaki ya pulasitiki akomeye atangiza ibidukikije akoreshwa mu biribwa, ibinyobwa n’inganda, kivuga ko imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’ihumana rya pulasitiki, bifitanye isano n’urwego rw’inganda zikora amapaki, harimo n’inganda zikora amapaki, ari bibiri mu "bibazo bibi" ku isi ariko bikaba bihari ku bakinnyi bashya ku isoko ry’amapaki.
Cohn Gibb, umuyobozi ushinzwe ubucuruzi muri iyi kompanyi, yavuze i Johannesburg muri Kamena 2024 ko urwego rw'ingufu rutanga imyuka ihumanya ikirere irenga 75% by'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva ku ngufu zikomoka kuri peteroli ku isi. Muri Afurika y'Epfo, peteroli zikoresha peteroli zikoresha peteroli zigera kuri 91% by'ingufu zose z'igihugu ugereranyije na 80% ku isi yose aho amakara yiganje mu gutanga amashanyarazi mu gihugu.
Agira ati: “Afurika y’Epfo ni yo ya 13 mu bihugu bikoresha imyuka ihumanya ikirere ku isi, ifite urwego rw’ingufu zikoresha karubone nyinshi mu bihugu bya G20.”
Gibb avuga ko Eskom, ikigo cy’amashanyarazi cyo muri Afurika y’Epfo, “ni cyo cya mbere ku isi mu gukora GHG kuko gisohora dioxyde de sulfur nyinshi kurusha Amerika n’Ubushinwa byose hamwe.”
Ibyuka byinshi bya sulfure dioxyde bigira ingaruka ku nganda n'uburyo bwo gukora muri Afurika y'Epfo, bigatuma hakenerwa ingufu zisukuye.
Icyifuzo cyo gushyigikira ingamba mpuzamahanga zo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ituruka kuri peteroli no kugabanya ikiguzi cy’ibikorwa byayo, ndetse no kugabanya igabanuka ry’umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi rihoraho riterwa n’ikiguzi cya Eskom, byatumye Polyoak ikoresha ingufu zisubiramo zishobora gutuma isosiyete ikora hafi miliyoni 5.4 z’amashanyarazi buri mwaka.
Gibb avuga ko ingufu zisukuye zitangwa “zarinda toni 5.610 z’ibyuka bya CO2 buri mwaka, ibyo bikaba byasaba ibiti 231.000 ku mwaka kugira ngo binywe.”
Nubwo ishoramari rishya ry’ingufu zisubiramo ridahagije kugira ngo rishyigikire ibikorwa bya Polyoak, hagati aho isosiyete yashoye imari mu byuma bitanga amashanyarazi kugira ngo ikore neza mu gihe cyo kugabanya umuriro w’amashanyarazi.
Ahandi hantu, Gibb avuga ko Afurika y'Epfo ari kimwe mu bihugu bifite uburyo bubi bwo gucunga imyanda ku isi, bityo bikaba bisaba ko abakora imashini zitunganya imyanda batanga ibisubizo bishya mu gupakira imyanda kugira ngo bagabanye ingano y'imyanda idashobora kongera gukoreshwa cyangwa idashobora kongera gukoreshwa mu gihugu aho ingo zigera kuri 35% zitagira ubwoko bw'imyanda yo kuyikusanya. Nk'uko Gibb abivuga, igice kinini cy'imyanda iterwa mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko ijugunywa mu miyoboro y'amazi ikunze kwaguka mu duce duto.
Gupakira bishobora kongera gukoreshwa
Ikibazo gikomeye cyo gucunga imyanda gituruka ku bigo bipakira imyanda bya pulasitiki n'amabara ndetse n'ababitanga bafite amahirwe yo kugabanya umutwaro ku bidukikije binyuze mu gupakira imyanda igihe kirekire bishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu buryo bworoshye mu gihe bibaye ngombwa.
Mu 2023, Ishami ry’Amashyamba n’Uburobyi n’Ibidukikije ryo muri Afurika y’Epfo ryashyizeho amabwiriza agenga ibyo gupfunyika mu gihugu akubiyemo ibyiciro bine by’ibikoresho byo gupfunyika birimo ibyuma, ibirahure, impapuro na pulasitiki.
Ishami rivuga ko amabwiriza ari ukugira ngo “kugabanya ubwinshi bw’ibipfunyika bishyirwa ahantu ho gupfunyika imyanda binyuze mu kunoza imiterere y’ibicuruzwa, kongera ireme ry’ibikorwa byo gukora no guteza imbere gukumira imyanda.”
“Imwe mu ntego z’ingenzi z’iyi ngingo ngenderwaho yo gupakira ni ugufasha abashushanya ubwoko bwose bwo gupakira gusobanukirwa neza ingaruka z’ibyemezo byabo byo gushushanya ku bidukikije, bityo bagateza imbere imikorere myiza yo kurengera ibidukikije nta mbogamizi ku mahitamo,” ibi byavuzwe n’uwahoze ari Minisitiri wa DFFE, Creecy Barbara, wimuriwe mu ishami rishinzwe ubwikorezi.
Muri Polyoak, Gibb avuga ko ubuyobozi bw'ikigo bwakomeje gushyira imbere impapuro zipfunyika hibandwa ku "kongera gukoresha amakarito mu kurokora ibiti." Amakarito ya Polyoak akorwa mu kibaho cy'amakarito y'ibiribwa ku mpamvu z'umutekano.
Gibb agira ati: “Ugereranyije bisaba ibiti 17 kugira ngo bikore toni imwe y’urubaho rwa karuboni.”
“Gahunda yacu yo gusubiza amakarito yorohereza kongera gukoresha buri karito inshuro eshanu,” yongeraho, avuga ko mu 2021 habayeho kugura toni 1600 z'amakarito mashya, kongera kuyakoresha bityo bigatuma ibiti 6,400 birokoka.”
Gibb ateganya ko mu gihe kirenga umwaka, kongera gukoresha amakarito byarokoye ibiti 108.800, bingana n'ibiti miliyoni imwe mu myaka 10.
DFFE ivuga ko toni zisaga miliyoni 12 z'impapuro n'impapuro zabonetse kugira ngo zikoreshwe mu gihugu mu myaka 10 ishize, aho guverinoma ivuga ko ibirenga 71% by'impapuro n'impapuro byashoboraga kuboneka byakusanyijwe mu 2018, bingana na toni miliyoni 1,285.
Ariko imbogamizi ikomeye Afurika y'Epfo ihanganye nayo, kimwe no mu bihugu byinshi bya Afurika, ni ukwiyongera kw'ijugunywa rya plastiki ritagenzurwa, cyane cyane uduce duto twa pulasitiki cyangwa utundi duto.
Gibb yagize ati: “Inganda za pulasitiki zigomba gukumira ko uduce duto twa pulasitiki, uduce duto cyangwa ifu bisuka mu bidukikije bivuye mu nganda zikora n’izikwirakwiza ibicuruzwa.”
Kuri ubu, Polyoak irimo gukora ubukangurambaga bwiswe 'catch that pellet drive' bugamije gukumira pellets za pulasitiki mbere yuko zinjira mu miyoboro y'amazi y'imvura yo muri Afurika y'Epfo.
“Ikibabaje ni uko uduce twa pulasitiki twitwa ibiryo biryoshye ku mafi menshi n’inyoni nyuma yo kunyura mu miyoboro y’amazi y’imvura aho twinjira mu migezi yacu tumanuka mu nyanja, amaherezo tukagwa ku mucanga wacu.”
Udupira twa pulasitiki dukomoka kuri microplastics zikomoka ku mukungugu w'amapine na microfiber zo mu kumesa no kumisha imyenda ya nylon na polyester.
Nibura 87% bya microplastics byagurishijwe nk'ibimenyetso byo mu muhanda (7%), microfibers (35%), ivumbi ry'umujyi (24%), amapine (28%) na nurdles (0.3%).
Ibi bishobora gukomeza kubera ko DFFE ivuga ko Afurika y'Epfo "nta gahunda nini yo gucunga imyanda nyuma yo kuyikoresha mu gutandukanya no gutunganya ipaki zishobora kubora n'izishobora gufumbirwa."
“Ingaruka zabyo ni uko ibi bikoresho nta gaciro bifite ku bakusanya imyanda bemewe cyangwa abatabigenewe, bityo ibicuruzwa bishobora kuguma mu bidukikije cyangwa mu gihe cyose bizarangira bitarangiritse,” ibi byavuzwe na DFFE.
Ibi ni uko nubwo hariho Itegeko rirengera abaguzi Ingingo ya 29 na 41 n’Itegeko ry’Amabwiriza ryo mu 2008 Ingingo ya 27 (1) na {2) zibuza ibirego by’ibinyoma, biyobya cyangwa biyobya ku bijyanye n’ibicuruzwa cyangwa imiterere y’imikorere ndetse n’ibigo by’ubucuruzi gutanga ikirego cyangwa gukora mu buryo bushobora "gutera ishusho y’uko ibicuruzwa byubahirije Amabwiriza y’Igihugu ya Afurika y’Epfo cyangwa ibindi bitabo bya SABS."
Mu gihe gito cyangwa giciriritse, DFFE irasaba amasosiyete kugabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije z’ibicuruzwa na serivisi mu buzima bwabo bwose “kuko imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’ubudahangarwa bw’ibidukikije ari byo bibazo bikomeye sosiyete ihura na byo muri iki gihe, ni ingenzi cyane.”
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-22-2024
